intermediate quantifiers are expressions of natural language, for example “most, almost all, many, a few” using which we quantify a number of some objects in a given universe. We have shown in [23] that all valid syllogisms with intermediate  quantifiers are a consequence of only two algebraic inequalities and one equality. The result was obtained in the formalism  of Lukasiewicz fuzzy type theory whose truth values form a linearly ordered complete MV-algebra. In this paper we will  prove that the same holds if we replace MV-algebra by a much more general IEQ-algebra (involutive EQ-algebra).

Human language is among the most sophisticated communication systems ever studied by researches. This system may be studied from various aspects including structures and functions. The structure of language, in turn, may be studied from various aspects. In this article, the writer describes part of the sentence structure;that is, pre-modifiers of the noun phrase. The writer first presents a brief review of the literature on the subject, then classifies a certain group of pre-modifiers; that is, quantifiers.The writer does rot commit herself to any of the current linguistic theories, but uses the findings of linguistic studies in her description. The corpus of the research consists of the data collected from spoken language and magazines

This paper will introduce a new method to obtain the order weights of the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator. We will first show the relation between fuzzy quantifiers and neat OWA operators and then offer a new combination of them. Fuzzy quantifiers are applied for soft computing in modeling the optimism degree of the decision maker. In using neat operators, the ordering of the inputs is not needed resulting in better computation efficiency. The theoretical results will be illustrated in a water resources management problem. This case study shows that more sensitive decisions are obtained by using the new method.

Borda count is a well-known social choice method, and is frequently used for group decision making problems. However it does not consider the optimism/pessimism view of the director, which has a great effect on the group decisions. Therefore in the present study, we extend the Borda method by using the Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator to consider the risk attitudinal characteristics. The new approach, entitled Borda-OWA, solves the group decision making problem in an intelligent procedure. It is then applied on two real case studies of forest management and projects ranking. The outcomes show that the Borda-OWA operator makes more soft and sensitive results by using the director’s risk attitudes, guided by the fuzzy linguistic quantifiers. The new results are also examined by sensitivity analysis, which shows the importance of selecting the suitable quantifier. It is shown that the original Borda is a special case of the Borda-OWA approach, indicating only the neutral view of the director.Because of the uncertainty in selecting the quantifier, we define a new measure which considers both the expected value and the variance of the combined goodness measure for each alternative. By using this measure the Borda-OWA model will give more robust decisions to the stakeholders whose optimism degrees are different than that of the group director.

In addition to the grammatical weight and the nominal head thematic role effects on the processing of a relative clause, which has been dealt with extensively in previous studies, other factors influence the processing of the relative clause. In the present paper, the research data has been collected from TV and radio programs and the quantifier's role on relative clauses occurrence has been investigated based on Wiechmann approaches (2015). Wiechmann believes that each component in a relative construction can affect other components occurrence. Results show that ambiguity and generality in the meaning of the modified head, and occurring in special constructions affect the relative clause presence. This is compatible with exemplar–based theory in that components of a structure affect each other's occurrence. The result of this study can be used in determining the degree of ambiguity among Persian quantifiers and can explain how relative clauses are processed. 1. Introduction A relative clause is a construction consisting of a nominal and a subordinate clause attributively modifying it. The nominal is called the head and the subordinate clause is called relative clause (henceforth RC). The attributive relation between head and RC is such that the head is involved in what is stated in the clause. As prenominal modifiers precede post modifiers, they can have certain influence on post-modifiers occurrence. It seems that indefinite pronouns occur with RCs more than any other prenominal modifier. Wiechmann believes that the more general the term, the greater the need (and hence the likelihood) for the additional material that enables the hearer to identify the intended referent of the complex. In this way, RC as a clausal post modifier is a good alternative for post modification of the expressions in the following list: anyone, anything, best everybody all, anybody, everybody, that thing, things, those, time, two, uncle, way, what, woman, women. Accordingly, in the present paper we are going to investigate the co-occurrence of quantifiers in expressions such as h{r ‘any, every’ k{s ‘one, body’, h{r ‘any, every’, tSiz ‘thing’, … and relative clauses in Persian. 2. Theoretical framework In cognitive construction grammar, a relative clause is unified as a language sign which its processing procedure is highly the same as the lexicon’s. Linguistic signs are of different intermediate levels that have both fixed and variable parts. A complete characterization of a high level construction, such as an English RC, will have to take into account its constitutive constructions and their properties. That is to say, an actual utterance of an RC always instantiates a number of lower level construction simultaneously. Each grammatical unit is a routine process which speakers master it over repetition and they activate it as a predetermined assembly. Every experienced exemplar of an RC is involved in its cognitive representation. An exemplar-based representation indicates a list of words happening in a certain slot. When uttering a construction, we do not refer to a set of general features but analogically we refer to the memories of lexical items which have happened in that slot in previous exposures. 3. Methodology The present paper is a descriptive-analytical research about RC­s in spoken Persian. We analyzed each quantifier co-occurrence with RC and other post modifiers. Data for the current paper has been collected from 30 hours of conversations on TV and radio programs. 1200 relative clauses were extracted in addition to 500 sentences with a nominal head modified by other post modifiers to find out the difference between relative clause and other post-nominal modifiers. 4. Results & Discussion Prenominal modifiers behave differently in co-occurrence with RCs. The difference is displayed in the following hierarchy: h{r ‘every, any’ 90. 21% > Xeili {z ‘many of’ 45. 16% > h{me ‘all’ 30. 20% > yeki{z ‘one of’ 27. 88% > hitS ‘no none’ 21. 05% The results indicate that Persian quantifiers are of different characteristics. h{r ‘every, any’ refers to a singular head and it is used in conditional constructions to indicate general propositions. In fact, after some heads such as h{r k{s ‘every one, any one’, h{r tSiz ‘every thing, anything’ RC is more predictable to happen and easier to process. In the present paper, 3 constructions were introduced which included a nominal head modified with a quantifier: 1. RC construction with a nominal head modified with “h{r” implying a conditional proposition. h{r‘every, any’ + head + RC + MC. h{r k{s kar n{-kon-e be s{lam{ti=e Xod-eS asib mi-z{n-e. any one work (exercise) NEG-SUBJ. do-3SG. to health =of self-3SG. CL damage PROG-PRES. hit.-3SG. ‘Anyone who doesn’t exercise will damage his own health’ 2. An extraposed RC with some nominal head modified with quantifier Xeili {z ‘ many of ‘. in these constructions the verb is copular: Xeili {z pezeSk-a h{st-{n? {sl{n did-e ne-mi-S-{n many of doctor-PL PRES. be-3PL never see-PP. NEG-PRES-be-3 PL ‘There are many doctors who are never seen’ 3. An extraposed RC with an indefinite quantifier hitS ‘ nothing’ According to exemplar-based theory, different components affect each other’s occurrence. Frequent use of these components leads to a pre-defined and entrenched construction which in turn increases RC usage in related contexts. 5. Conclusion & Suggestions As indicated in section 4, we introduced some intermediate levels of RC in Persian. These findings are in line with exemplar theory principles. In exemplar theory, different components of a construction affect each other’s presence. Frequent occurrence of these components leads to construction entrenchment in the speaker’s mind helping to predict next construction components. The results also show that pre-nominal modifiers display three different behaviors in occurrence with RCs: 1. Compared to all other quantifiers, the quantifier h{r ‘any, every’ is more used with RC in a way that all the RC occurrence with other quantifiers is less than h{r ‘any, every’ occurrence with RC. 2. In Xeili {z ‘many of’ construction, RC is more frequently used compared to any of other post modifiers. 3. In hitS ‘no, none’ and yeki {z ‘one of’ constructions RC occurred less than other post modifiers such as genitive and descriptive modifiers. It is recommended that the co-occurrence of quantifiers with RC be investigated cognitively in language laboratories. Select Bibliography Bybee, J. 2013. Usage-based Theory and Exemplar Representations of Constructions, In: Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale (eds. ). TheOxford Handbook of Construction Grammar., Oxford: Oxford University Press. Croft, W. 1983. Quantifier Scope Ambiguity and Definiteness. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguist Society, 25-36. Goldberg, A. 2006. Constructions at work: The Nature of Generalization in Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Haspelmath, M. 1997. Indefinite Pronouns, Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory Oxford: Clarendon Press. Hawkins, J. A. 2004. Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mowlaei Kuhbanani H., Alizadeh, A., & Sharifi, sh. 2018. The role of typological features of relative structure on determining Persian Word Order, Journal of Language Research, 28, 87-114. [In Persian] Rasekh Mahand, M., Alizadeh sahraie, M., Izadifar, R. & Ghiasvand, M, 2012, The functional explanation of relative clause extraposition in Persian, Researches in Linguistics, 6, 21-40. [In Persian] Wiechmann D. 2015. Understanding Relative Clauses: A usage-based view on the. processing of complex constructions, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. Abbreviations: 3SG Third person singular MC Main clause NEG Negative 3SG Third person singular PROG Progressive PRES Present PL Plural PP Past Participle RC Relative clause SUBJ Subjunctive

Some of the universal and absolute ethical propositions in the religious sources, despite their universal appearance, have quantifiers with limited scopes. Even there are instances where we know it for certain that the proposition is not universal, but it is apparently absolute or universal. This issue makes us suspicious even about the universality and particularity of other propositions. In the present study, for finding out the real quantifier of these kinds of propositions, we consult the interpretations of Quran and Hadith commentaries, as well as using philosophical and logical analyses. The results show a few possibilities: (1) the propositions are particular, which is against the appearance of the propositions and can be only applied when the proposition has no quantifier, but when there is a quantifier, this possibility is not applicable; (2) relinquishment to the most perfect person, which is dependent on the acceptance of the “relinquishment rule”; (3) the propositions being the expressions of the requirement not the total cause, i.e. considering these propositions in the category of duties, and their universality being due to their nature, not for all cases; (4) particularity after the acceptance of the conventional appearance of these text in absolute or universal forms; (5) predicating on the polarized levels of meaning. The third, fourth and fifth possibilities can be merged. When we know that universal or absolute propositions in religious texts are not always universal and that they may have been restricted or particularized or predicated on different levels of meaning or they are only expressing the requirements and the requirements may have been vanished, our interpretations of religious ethical texts become more accurate and the claims for universality go away. The universal appearance may be due to rhetorical objectives and for recommendation and warning about a certain issue. Even in the cases that the universal quantifiers are explicitly present, we consider the possibility that there can be a rhetorical objective and the correspondent meaning is not intended. Taking the rhetorical intentions into attention may make us free form dogmatic interpretations and claims for universality.

Aristotle is the first logician who has introduced a “quantifier for predicate” and assessed the truth and falsity of propositions with a quantifier in their predicates. Avicenna has referred to these propositions as ‘deviated propositions’, explaining the laws of contradiction among them. He has, however, not mentioned any other rules that govern deviated propositions. Deviated propositions are divided into two groups; those that are parallel to one of the Aristotelian quarter quantifieds and those that are not as such. Combined together, these two groups constitute eight quantifieds. The relation among then can be illustrated through ‘a cube of opposition’. By formulating these eight quantifieds in modern logic, one can easily show that all these quantifieds have even conversions. This article shows that the rules of the Four Figures for these quantifieds are the same as the ‘rules of expansion of syllogism’. There is no need for a particular set of laws for every figure, though it is possible to relate for every figure its related rules.

Using nonlinear signal processing methods is critical in processing biological signals due to their nonlinear dynamics. Recurrence plots are one of these nonlinear methods that provide qualitative and graphical representation of inherent dynamic of signal. Reaching movement is one of the important skill movements during human life. Despite of nonlinear methods capability to analyze the electromyogram signals during reaching movement, these methods are less considered. Therefore, the current manuscript investigates the classification of reaching movements at different speeds in horizontal plane. To achieve this, some quantitative indicators of recurrence plot analysis and nonlinear quantifiers including Lyapunov exponent and Higuchi fractal dimension are used. Based on multivariate analysis of variance, most discriminative features in the separation of different speeds of reaching movement are selected. Results show Recurrence rate, determinism, laminarity and Higuchi fractal dimension are best indicators to describe the recorded signals. The accuracy of KNN is 96. 67%, SVM is 100%, linear discriminant analysis is 100%, and decision tree is 90%.